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The 4.73 × 33 mm caseless ammunition used in the rifle, shown disassembled. The components are, from left to right, the solid propellant, the primer, the bullet, and a plastic cap that serves to keep the bullet centered in the propellant block.

Caseless ammunition is a type of that eliminates the case that typically holds the primer, propellant, and projectile together as a unit. Caseless ammunition is an attempt to reduce the weight and cost of ammunition by dispensing with the case, which is typically precision made of or, as well as to simplify the operation of repeating firearms by eliminating the need to extract and eject the empty case after firing. Its acceptance has been hampered by problems with production expenses, heat sensitivity, sealing, and fragility. Its use to date has been limited to prototypes and low-powered firearms. Volcanic.41 cartridge An early predecessor to modern caseless ammunition, 's cartridge, was developed in 1850s and guns using them were sold during that time, primarily. These cartridges were severely under-powered and never saw wide acceptance for self-protection, hunting, or military use.

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During, Germany began an intensive program to research and develop a practical caseless ammunition for military use, which was driven by the rising scarcity of metals, especially copper used to make cartridge cases. The Germans had some success, but not sufficient to produce a caseless cartridge system during the war. Japan successfully developed the 40mm autocannon during the war for mounting on aircraft. It saw active, though relatively limited, use in the defense of the Japanese home islands during the waning months of the war.

Modern caseless ammunition [ ]. Comparison of.223 (5.56 mm) Remington (left) and 4.73 mm caseless (right) Modern caseless ammunition consists of a solid mass of propellant (originally ) cast to form the body of the cartridge. Cavities exist in the body to accept the bullet and a primer (both of which are glued into place).

The completed cartridge might also contain a booster charge of powdered propellant to help ignite the body and provide initial thrust to the bullet. Many caseless cartridges are also, with the bulk of the bullet held within the body of the cartridge, to cut down on cartridge length. A shorter cartridge cuts down on the distance the firearm's action must reciprocate to load a new round, which allows for higher cyclic rates and greater probability of multiple hits on a target at long range.

Lack of a case also reduces the weight of the cartridge substantially, especially in small bore rifles. For example, the caseless ammunition designed by Austrian inventor Hubert Usel (1926–2010) for the weighs about one third as much as regular ammunition for the same caliber. Issues and practical considerations [ ] While it seems a simple operation to replace the case with a piece of solid propellant, the cartridge case provides more than just a way to keep the cartridge components together, and these other functions must be replaced if the case is to be replaced. Caseless ammunition is not without its drawbacks, and it is these drawbacks that have kept modern caseless ammunition from achieving wider success. Heat sensitivity [ ] The first major problem, of special concern in military applications, which often involve sustained firing, is the heat sensitivity of the ammunition.

Nitrocellulose, the primary component of modern, ignites at a relatively low temperature of around 170 °C (338 °F). One of the functions of the metallic cartridge case is as a; when extracted after firing, every metallic case carries away a significant amount of the heat from the combustion of the propellant, slowing the rate at which heat builds up in the chamber. The thermal insulation provided by the case also works the other way around, shielding the propellant from built-up heat in the chamber walls.